Serveur d'exploration sur le Covid à Stanford

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Pediatric Airway Management in COVID-19 Patients: Consensus Guidelines From the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia's Pediatric Difficult Intubation Collaborative and the Canadian Pediatric Anesthesia Society.

Identifieur interne : 000404 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000403; suivant : 000405

Pediatric Airway Management in COVID-19 Patients: Consensus Guidelines From the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia's Pediatric Difficult Intubation Collaborative and the Canadian Pediatric Anesthesia Society.

Auteurs : Clyde T. Matava [Canada] ; Pete G. Kovatsis [États-Unis] ; Jennifer K. Lee [États-Unis] ; Pilar Castro [États-Unis] ; Simon Denning [Canada] ; Julie Yu [Canada] ; Raymond Park [États-Unis] ; Justin L. Lockman [États-Unis] ; Britta Von Ungern-Sternberg [Australie] ; Stefano Sabato [Australie] ; Lisa K. Lee [États-Unis] ; Ihab Ayad [États-Unis] ; Sam Mireles [États-Unis] ; David Lardner [Canada] ; Simon Whyte [Canada] ; Judit Szolnoki ; Narasimhan Jagannathan [États-Unis] ; Nicole Thompson [États-Unis] ; Mary Lyn Stein [États-Unis] ; Nicholas Dalesio [États-Unis] ; Robert Greenberg [États-Unis] ; John Mccloskey [États-Unis] ; James Peyton ; Faye Evans [États-Unis] ; Bishr Haydar [États-Unis] ; Paul Reynolds [États-Unis] ; Franklin Chiao [États-Unis] ; Brad Taicher [États-Unis] ; Thomas Templeton [États-Unis] ; Tarun Bhalla [États-Unis] ; Vidya T. Raman [États-Unis] ; Annery Garcia-Marcinkiewicz [États-Unis] ; Jorge Gálvez [États-Unis] ; Jonathan Tan [États-Unis] ; Mohamed Rehman [États-Unis] ; Christy Crockett [États-Unis] ; Patrick Olomu [États-Unis] ; Peter Szmuk [États-Unis] ; Chris Glover [États-Unis] ; Maria Matuszczak [États-Unis] ; Ignacio Galvez [Espagne] ; Agnes Hunyady [États-Unis] ; David Polaner [États-Unis] ; Cheryl Gooden [États-Unis] ; Grace Hsu [États-Unis] ; Harshad Gumaney [États-Unis] ; Caroline Pérez-Pradilla [Colombie] ; Edgar E. Kiss [États-Unis] ; Mary C. Theroux [États-Unis] ; Jennifer Lau [États-Unis] ; Saeedah Asaf [États-Unis] ; Pablo Ingelmo [Canada] ; Thomas Engelhardt [Canada] ; M Nica Hervías [Espagne] ; Eric Greenwood [Canada] ; Luv Javia [Espagne] ; Nicola Disma [Italie] ; Myron Yaster ; John E. Fiadjoe [États-Unis]

Source :

RBID : pubmed:32287142

Descripteurs français

English descriptors

Abstract

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) pandemic has challenged medical systems and clinicians globally to unforeseen levels. Rapid spread of COVID-19 has forced clinicians to care for patients with a highly contagious disease without evidence-based guidelines. Using a virtual modified nominal group technique, the Pediatric Difficult Intubation Collaborative (PeDI-C), which currently includes 35 hospitals from 6 countries, generated consensus guidelines on airway management in pediatric anesthesia based on expert opinion and early data about the disease. PeDI-C identified overarching goals during care, including minimizing aerosolized respiratory secretions, minimizing the number of clinicians in contact with a patient, and recognizing that undiagnosed asymptomatic patients may shed the virus and infect health care workers. Recommendations include administering anxiolytic medications, intravenous anesthetic inductions, tracheal intubation using video laryngoscopes and cuffed tracheal tubes, use of in-line suction catheters, and modifying workflow to recover patients from anesthesia in the operating room. Importantly, PeDI-C recommends that anesthesiologists consider using appropriate personal protective equipment when performing aerosol-generating medical procedures in asymptomatic children, in addition to known or suspected children with COVID-19. Airway procedures should be done in negative pressure rooms when available. Adequate time should be allowed for operating room cleaning and air filtration between surgical cases. Research using rigorous study designs is urgently needed to inform safe practices during the COVID-19 pandemic. Until further information is available, PeDI-C advises that clinicians consider these guidelines to enhance the safety of health care workers during airway management when performing aerosol-generating medical procedures. These guidelines have been endorsed by the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia and the Canadian Pediatric Anesthesia Society.

DOI: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000004872
PubMed: 32287142
PubMed Central: PMC7173403


Affiliations:


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Le document en format XML

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<name sortKey="Yu, Julie" sort="Yu, Julie" uniqKey="Yu J" first="Julie" last="Yu">Julie Yu</name>
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<name sortKey="Park, Raymond" sort="Park, Raymond" uniqKey="Park R" first="Raymond" last="Park">Raymond Park</name>
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<name sortKey="Lockman, Justin L" sort="Lockman, Justin L" uniqKey="Lockman J" first="Justin L" last="Lockman">Justin L. Lockman</name>
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<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
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<name sortKey="Von Ungern Sternberg, Britta" sort="Von Ungern Sternberg, Britta" uniqKey="Von Ungern Sternberg B" first="Britta" last="Von Ungern-Sternberg">Britta Von Ungern-Sternberg</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Sabato, Stefano" sort="Sabato, Stefano" uniqKey="Sabato S" first="Stefano" last="Sabato">Stefano Sabato</name>
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<name sortKey="Lee, Lisa K" sort="Lee, Lisa K" uniqKey="Lee L" first="Lisa K" last="Lee">Lisa K. Lee</name>
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<region type="state">Californie</region>
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<name sortKey="Ayad, Ihab" sort="Ayad, Ihab" uniqKey="Ayad I" first="Ihab" last="Ayad">Ihab Ayad</name>
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<country>États-Unis</country>
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<region type="state">Californie</region>
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<name sortKey="Mireles, Sam" sort="Mireles, Sam" uniqKey="Mireles S" first="Sam" last="Mireles">Sam Mireles</name>
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<region type="state">Californie</region>
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<name sortKey="Lardner, David" sort="Lardner, David" uniqKey="Lardner D" first="David" last="Lardner">David Lardner</name>
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<name sortKey="Whyte, Simon" sort="Whyte, Simon" uniqKey="Whyte S" first="Simon" last="Whyte">Simon Whyte</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Szolnoki, Judit" sort="Szolnoki, Judit" uniqKey="Szolnoki J" first="Judit" last="Szolnoki">Judit Szolnoki</name>
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<name sortKey="Jagannathan, Narasimhan" sort="Jagannathan, Narasimhan" uniqKey="Jagannathan N" first="Narasimhan" last="Jagannathan">Narasimhan Jagannathan</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
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<region type="state">Illinois</region>
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<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago</wicri:cityArea>
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<name sortKey="Thompson, Nicole" sort="Thompson, Nicole" uniqKey="Thompson N" first="Nicole" last="Thompson">Nicole Thompson</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Illinois</region>
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<name sortKey="Stein, Mary Lyn" sort="Stein, Mary Lyn" uniqKey="Stein M" first="Mary Lyn" last="Stein">Mary Lyn Stein</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
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<name sortKey="Dalesio, Nicholas" sort="Dalesio, Nicholas" uniqKey="Dalesio N" first="Nicholas" last="Dalesio">Nicholas Dalesio</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
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<region type="state">Maryland</region>
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<name sortKey="Greenberg, Robert" sort="Greenberg, Robert" uniqKey="Greenberg R" first="Robert" last="Greenberg">Robert Greenberg</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
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<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore</wicri:cityArea>
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<name sortKey="Mccloskey, John" sort="Mccloskey, John" uniqKey="Mccloskey J" first="John" last="Mccloskey">John Mccloskey</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
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<name sortKey="Peyton, James" sort="Peyton, James" uniqKey="Peyton J" first="James" last="Peyton">James Peyton</name>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Evans, Faye" sort="Evans, Faye" uniqKey="Evans F" first="Faye" last="Evans">Faye Evans</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Children's Hospital of Boston, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
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<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Children's Hospital of Boston, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston</wicri:cityArea>
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<name sortKey="Haydar, Bishr" sort="Haydar, Bishr" uniqKey="Haydar B" first="Bishr" last="Haydar">Bishr Haydar</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatric Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Health Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Michigan</region>
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<wicri:cityArea>Department of Pediatric Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Health Center, Ann Arbor</wicri:cityArea>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Reynolds, Paul" sort="Reynolds, Paul" uniqKey="Reynolds P" first="Paul" last="Reynolds">Paul Reynolds</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatric Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Health Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Michigan</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Pediatric Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Health Center, Ann Arbor</wicri:cityArea>
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<name sortKey="Chiao, Franklin" sort="Chiao, Franklin" uniqKey="Chiao F" first="Franklin" last="Chiao">Franklin Chiao</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">État de New York</region>
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<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York</wicri:cityArea>
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<name sortKey="Taicher, Brad" sort="Taicher, Brad" uniqKey="Taicher B" first="Brad" last="Taicher">Brad Taicher</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham</wicri:cityArea>
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</author>
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<name sortKey="Templeton, Thomas" sort="Templeton, Thomas" uniqKey="Templeton T" first="Thomas" last="Templeton">Thomas Templeton</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest, North Carolina.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region>
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<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest</wicri:cityArea>
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</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bhalla, Tarun" sort="Bhalla, Tarun" uniqKey="Bhalla T" first="Tarun" last="Bhalla">Tarun Bhalla</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Akron Children's Hospital, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Akron, Ohio.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Ohio</region>
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<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Akron Children's Hospital, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Akron</wicri:cityArea>
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</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Raman, Vidya T" sort="Raman, Vidya T" uniqKey="Raman V" first="Vidya T" last="Raman">Vidya T. Raman</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Ohio</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus</wicri:cityArea>
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</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Garcia Marcinkiewicz, Annery" sort="Garcia Marcinkiewicz, Annery" uniqKey="Garcia Marcinkiewicz A" first="Annery" last="Garcia-Marcinkiewicz">Annery Garcia-Marcinkiewicz</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
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<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Galvez, Jorge" sort="Galvez, Jorge" uniqKey="Galvez J" first="Jorge" last="Gálvez">Jorge Gálvez</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
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<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia</wicri:cityArea>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Tan, Jonathan" sort="Tan, Jonathan" uniqKey="Tan J" first="Jonathan" last="Tan">Jonathan Tan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Rehman, Mohamed" sort="Rehman, Mohamed" uniqKey="Rehman M" first="Mohamed" last="Rehman">Mohamed Rehman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia</wicri:cityArea>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Crockett, Christy" sort="Crockett, Christy" uniqKey="Crockett C" first="Christy" last="Crockett">Christy Crockett</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Tennessee</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Olomu, Patrick" sort="Olomu, Patrick" uniqKey="Olomu P" first="Patrick" last="Olomu">Patrick Olomu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern and Children's Health System of Texas, Dallas, Texas.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Texas</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern and Children's Health System of Texas, Dallas</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Szmuk, Peter" sort="Szmuk, Peter" uniqKey="Szmuk P" first="Peter" last="Szmuk">Peter Szmuk</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern and Children's Health System of Texas, Dallas, Texas.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Texas</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern and Children's Health System of Texas, Dallas</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Glover, Chris" sort="Glover, Chris" uniqKey="Glover C" first="Chris" last="Glover">Chris Glover</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Texas</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Matuszczak, Maria" sort="Matuszczak, Maria" uniqKey="Matuszczak M" first="Maria" last="Matuszczak">Maria Matuszczak</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Texas</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Galvez, Ignacio" sort="Galvez, Ignacio" uniqKey="Galvez I" first="Ignacio" last="Galvez">Ignacio Galvez</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Son Espases, Illes Balears, Spain.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Son Espases, Illes Balears</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Illes Balears</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hunyady, Agnes" sort="Hunyady, Agnes" uniqKey="Hunyady A" first="Agnes" last="Hunyady">Agnes Hunyady</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Washington (État)</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Polaner, David" sort="Polaner, David" uniqKey="Polaner D" first="David" last="Polaner">David Polaner</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Washington (État)</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gooden, Cheryl" sort="Gooden, Cheryl" uniqKey="Gooden C" first="Cheryl" last="Gooden">Cheryl Gooden</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Yale New Haven Children's Hospital, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Yale New Haven Children's Hospital, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hsu, Grace" sort="Hsu, Grace" uniqKey="Hsu G" first="Grace" last="Hsu">Grace Hsu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Anesthesiology & Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Clinical Anesthesiology & Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gumaney, Harshad" sort="Gumaney, Harshad" uniqKey="Gumaney H" first="Harshad" last="Gumaney">Harshad Gumaney</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Anesthesiology & Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Clinical Anesthesiology & Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Perez Pradilla, Caroline" sort="Perez Pradilla, Caroline" uniqKey="Perez Pradilla C" first="Caroline" last="Pérez-Pradilla">Caroline Pérez-Pradilla</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Instituto de Ortopedia Infantil Roosevelt, Bogotá, Colombia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Colombie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Instituto de Ortopedia Infantil Roosevelt, Bogotá</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bogotá</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kiss, Edgar E" sort="Kiss, Edgar E" uniqKey="Kiss E" first="Edgar E" last="Kiss">Edgar E. Kiss</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Children's Health System of Texas, Dallas, Texas.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Texas</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Children's Health System of Texas, Dallas</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Theroux, Mary C" sort="Theroux, Mary C" uniqKey="Theroux M" first="Mary C" last="Theroux">Mary C. Theroux</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics, Sidney Kimmel School of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics, Sidney Kimmel School of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lau, Jennifer" sort="Lau, Jennifer" uniqKey="Lau J" first="Jennifer" last="Lau">Jennifer Lau</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.</nlm:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Asaf, Saeedah" sort="Asaf, Saeedah" uniqKey="Asaf S" first="Saeedah" last="Asaf">Saeedah Asaf</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Arkansas Children's Hospital & University of Arkansas & Medical Science Center, Little Rock, Arkansas.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Arkansas</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Arkansas Children's Hospital & University of Arkansas & Medical Science Center, Little Rock</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ingelmo, Pablo" sort="Ingelmo, Pablo" uniqKey="Ingelmo P" first="Pablo" last="Ingelmo">Pablo Ingelmo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Quebec</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Engelhardt, Thomas" sort="Engelhardt, Thomas" uniqKey="Engelhardt T" first="Thomas" last="Engelhardt">Thomas Engelhardt</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Quebec</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hervias, M Nica" sort="Hervias, M Nica" uniqKey="Hervias M" first="M Nica" last="Hervías">M Nica Hervías</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Pediatric Anesthesia Unit, Cardiac and Neonatal Section, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Pediatric Anesthesia Unit, Cardiac and Neonatal Section, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital, Madrid</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Greenwood, Eric" sort="Greenwood, Eric" uniqKey="Greenwood E" first="Eric" last="Greenwood">Eric Greenwood</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>From the Department of Anesthesia, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>From the Department of Anesthesia, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Javia, Luv" sort="Javia, Luv" uniqKey="Javia L" first="Luv" last="Javia">Luv Javia</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Pediatric Anesthesia Unit, Cardiac and Neonatal Section, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Pediatric Anesthesia Unit, Cardiac and Neonatal Section, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital, Madrid</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Disma, Nicola" sort="Disma, Nicola" uniqKey="Disma N" first="Nicola" last="Disma">Nicola Disma</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatric Anesthesia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pediatric Anesthesia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Genova</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yaster, Myron" sort="Yaster, Myron" uniqKey="Yaster M" first="Myron" last="Yaster">Myron Yaster</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="no comma">Department of Anesthesiology.</wicri:noCountry>
<wicri:noCountry code="no comma">Department of Anesthesiology.</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fiadjoe, John E" sort="Fiadjoe, John E" uniqKey="Fiadjoe J" first="John E" last="Fiadjoe">John E. Fiadjoe</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Anesthesiology & Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Clinical Anesthesiology & Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt>
<idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno>
<date when="2020">2020</date>
<idno type="RBID">pubmed:32287142</idno>
<idno type="pmid">32287142</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1213/ANE.0000000000004872</idno>
<idno type="pmc">PMC7173403</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000813</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000813</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000813</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Curation">000813</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000813</idno>
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<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<title xml:lang="en">Pediatric Airway Management in COVID-19 Patients: Consensus Guidelines From the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia's Pediatric Difficult Intubation Collaborative and the Canadian Pediatric Anesthesia Society.</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Matava, Clyde T" sort="Matava, Clyde T" uniqKey="Matava C" first="Clyde T" last="Matava">Clyde T. Matava</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>From the Department of Anesthesia, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>From the Department of Anesthesia, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kovatsis, Pete G" sort="Kovatsis, Pete G" uniqKey="Kovatsis P" first="Pete G" last="Kovatsis">Pete G. Kovatsis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Children's Hospital of Boston, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Children's Hospital of Boston, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lee, Jennifer K" sort="Lee, Jennifer K" uniqKey="Lee J" first="Jennifer K" last="Lee">Jennifer K. Lee</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Castro, Pilar" sort="Castro, Pilar" uniqKey="Castro P" first="Pilar" last="Castro">Pilar Castro</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Children's Hospital of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Ohio</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Children's Hospital of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Denning, Simon" sort="Denning, Simon" uniqKey="Denning S" first="Simon" last="Denning">Simon Denning</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>From the Department of Anesthesia, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>From the Department of Anesthesia, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yu, Julie" sort="Yu, Julie" uniqKey="Yu J" first="Julie" last="Yu">Julie Yu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>From the Department of Anesthesia, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>From the Department of Anesthesia, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Park, Raymond" sort="Park, Raymond" uniqKey="Park R" first="Raymond" last="Park">Raymond Park</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Children's Hospital of Boston, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Children's Hospital of Boston, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lockman, Justin L" sort="Lockman, Justin L" uniqKey="Lockman J" first="Justin L" last="Lockman">Justin L. Lockman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Von Ungern Sternberg, Britta" sort="Von Ungern Sternberg, Britta" uniqKey="Von Ungern Sternberg B" first="Britta" last="Von Ungern-Sternberg">Britta Von Ungern-Sternberg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Western Australia, Crawley</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Crawley</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sabato, Stefano" sort="Sabato, Stefano" uniqKey="Sabato S" first="Stefano" last="Sabato">Stefano Sabato</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Victoria</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lee, Lisa K" sort="Lee, Lisa K" uniqKey="Lee L" first="Lisa K" last="Lee">Lisa K. Lee</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.</nlm:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ayad, Ihab" sort="Ayad, Ihab" uniqKey="Ayad I" first="Ihab" last="Ayad">Ihab Ayad</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.</nlm:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mireles, Sam" sort="Mireles, Sam" uniqKey="Mireles S" first="Sam" last="Mireles">Sam Mireles</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California.</nlm:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lardner, David" sort="Lardner, David" uniqKey="Lardner D" first="David" last="Lardner">David Lardner</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesia, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Anesthesia, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Alberta</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Whyte, Simon" sort="Whyte, Simon" uniqKey="Whyte S" first="Simon" last="Whyte">Simon Whyte</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Anesthesiology, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>British Columbia</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Szolnoki, Judit" sort="Szolnoki, Judit" uniqKey="Szolnoki J" first="Judit" last="Szolnoki">Judit Szolnoki</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="no comma">Department of Anesthesiology.</wicri:noCountry>
<wicri:noCountry code="no comma">Department of Anesthesiology.</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jagannathan, Narasimhan" sort="Jagannathan, Narasimhan" uniqKey="Jagannathan N" first="Narasimhan" last="Jagannathan">Narasimhan Jagannathan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Illinois</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Thompson, Nicole" sort="Thompson, Nicole" uniqKey="Thompson N" first="Nicole" last="Thompson">Nicole Thompson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Chicago, Illinois.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Illinois</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Chicago</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Stein, Mary Lyn" sort="Stein, Mary Lyn" uniqKey="Stein M" first="Mary Lyn" last="Stein">Mary Lyn Stein</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dalesio, Nicholas" sort="Dalesio, Nicholas" uniqKey="Dalesio N" first="Nicholas" last="Dalesio">Nicholas Dalesio</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Greenberg, Robert" sort="Greenberg, Robert" uniqKey="Greenberg R" first="Robert" last="Greenberg">Robert Greenberg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mccloskey, John" sort="Mccloskey, John" uniqKey="Mccloskey J" first="John" last="Mccloskey">John Mccloskey</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Peyton, James" sort="Peyton, James" uniqKey="Peyton J" first="James" last="Peyton">James Peyton</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Evans, Faye" sort="Evans, Faye" uniqKey="Evans F" first="Faye" last="Evans">Faye Evans</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Children's Hospital of Boston, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Children's Hospital of Boston, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Haydar, Bishr" sort="Haydar, Bishr" uniqKey="Haydar B" first="Bishr" last="Haydar">Bishr Haydar</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatric Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Health Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Michigan</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Pediatric Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Health Center, Ann Arbor</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Reynolds, Paul" sort="Reynolds, Paul" uniqKey="Reynolds P" first="Paul" last="Reynolds">Paul Reynolds</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatric Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Health Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Michigan</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Pediatric Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Health Center, Ann Arbor</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chiao, Franklin" sort="Chiao, Franklin" uniqKey="Chiao F" first="Franklin" last="Chiao">Franklin Chiao</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Taicher, Brad" sort="Taicher, Brad" uniqKey="Taicher B" first="Brad" last="Taicher">Brad Taicher</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Templeton, Thomas" sort="Templeton, Thomas" uniqKey="Templeton T" first="Thomas" last="Templeton">Thomas Templeton</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest, North Carolina.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bhalla, Tarun" sort="Bhalla, Tarun" uniqKey="Bhalla T" first="Tarun" last="Bhalla">Tarun Bhalla</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Akron Children's Hospital, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Akron, Ohio.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Ohio</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Akron Children's Hospital, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Akron</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Raman, Vidya T" sort="Raman, Vidya T" uniqKey="Raman V" first="Vidya T" last="Raman">Vidya T. Raman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Ohio</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Garcia Marcinkiewicz, Annery" sort="Garcia Marcinkiewicz, Annery" uniqKey="Garcia Marcinkiewicz A" first="Annery" last="Garcia-Marcinkiewicz">Annery Garcia-Marcinkiewicz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Galvez, Jorge" sort="Galvez, Jorge" uniqKey="Galvez J" first="Jorge" last="Gálvez">Jorge Gálvez</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tan, Jonathan" sort="Tan, Jonathan" uniqKey="Tan J" first="Jonathan" last="Tan">Jonathan Tan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rehman, Mohamed" sort="Rehman, Mohamed" uniqKey="Rehman M" first="Mohamed" last="Rehman">Mohamed Rehman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Crockett, Christy" sort="Crockett, Christy" uniqKey="Crockett C" first="Christy" last="Crockett">Christy Crockett</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Tennessee</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Olomu, Patrick" sort="Olomu, Patrick" uniqKey="Olomu P" first="Patrick" last="Olomu">Patrick Olomu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern and Children's Health System of Texas, Dallas, Texas.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Texas</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern and Children's Health System of Texas, Dallas</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Szmuk, Peter" sort="Szmuk, Peter" uniqKey="Szmuk P" first="Peter" last="Szmuk">Peter Szmuk</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern and Children's Health System of Texas, Dallas, Texas.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Texas</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern and Children's Health System of Texas, Dallas</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Glover, Chris" sort="Glover, Chris" uniqKey="Glover C" first="Chris" last="Glover">Chris Glover</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Texas</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Matuszczak, Maria" sort="Matuszczak, Maria" uniqKey="Matuszczak M" first="Maria" last="Matuszczak">Maria Matuszczak</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Texas</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Galvez, Ignacio" sort="Galvez, Ignacio" uniqKey="Galvez I" first="Ignacio" last="Galvez">Ignacio Galvez</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Son Espases, Illes Balears, Spain.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Son Espases, Illes Balears</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Illes Balears</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hunyady, Agnes" sort="Hunyady, Agnes" uniqKey="Hunyady A" first="Agnes" last="Hunyady">Agnes Hunyady</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Washington (État)</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Polaner, David" sort="Polaner, David" uniqKey="Polaner D" first="David" last="Polaner">David Polaner</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Washington (État)</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gooden, Cheryl" sort="Gooden, Cheryl" uniqKey="Gooden C" first="Cheryl" last="Gooden">Cheryl Gooden</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Yale New Haven Children's Hospital, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Yale New Haven Children's Hospital, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hsu, Grace" sort="Hsu, Grace" uniqKey="Hsu G" first="Grace" last="Hsu">Grace Hsu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Anesthesiology & Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Clinical Anesthesiology & Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gumaney, Harshad" sort="Gumaney, Harshad" uniqKey="Gumaney H" first="Harshad" last="Gumaney">Harshad Gumaney</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Anesthesiology & Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Clinical Anesthesiology & Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Perez Pradilla, Caroline" sort="Perez Pradilla, Caroline" uniqKey="Perez Pradilla C" first="Caroline" last="Pérez-Pradilla">Caroline Pérez-Pradilla</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Instituto de Ortopedia Infantil Roosevelt, Bogotá, Colombia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Colombie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Instituto de Ortopedia Infantil Roosevelt, Bogotá</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bogotá</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kiss, Edgar E" sort="Kiss, Edgar E" uniqKey="Kiss E" first="Edgar E" last="Kiss">Edgar E. Kiss</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Children's Health System of Texas, Dallas, Texas.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Texas</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Children's Health System of Texas, Dallas</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Theroux, Mary C" sort="Theroux, Mary C" uniqKey="Theroux M" first="Mary C" last="Theroux">Mary C. Theroux</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics, Sidney Kimmel School of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics, Sidney Kimmel School of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lau, Jennifer" sort="Lau, Jennifer" uniqKey="Lau J" first="Jennifer" last="Lau">Jennifer Lau</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.</nlm:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Asaf, Saeedah" sort="Asaf, Saeedah" uniqKey="Asaf S" first="Saeedah" last="Asaf">Saeedah Asaf</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Arkansas Children's Hospital & University of Arkansas & Medical Science Center, Little Rock, Arkansas.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Arkansas</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Arkansas Children's Hospital & University of Arkansas & Medical Science Center, Little Rock</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ingelmo, Pablo" sort="Ingelmo, Pablo" uniqKey="Ingelmo P" first="Pablo" last="Ingelmo">Pablo Ingelmo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Quebec</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Engelhardt, Thomas" sort="Engelhardt, Thomas" uniqKey="Engelhardt T" first="Thomas" last="Engelhardt">Thomas Engelhardt</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Quebec</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hervias, M Nica" sort="Hervias, M Nica" uniqKey="Hervias M" first="M Nica" last="Hervías">M Nica Hervías</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Pediatric Anesthesia Unit, Cardiac and Neonatal Section, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Pediatric Anesthesia Unit, Cardiac and Neonatal Section, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital, Madrid</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Greenwood, Eric" sort="Greenwood, Eric" uniqKey="Greenwood E" first="Eric" last="Greenwood">Eric Greenwood</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>From the Department of Anesthesia, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>From the Department of Anesthesia, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Javia, Luv" sort="Javia, Luv" uniqKey="Javia L" first="Luv" last="Javia">Luv Javia</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Pediatric Anesthesia Unit, Cardiac and Neonatal Section, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Pediatric Anesthesia Unit, Cardiac and Neonatal Section, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital, Madrid</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Disma, Nicola" sort="Disma, Nicola" uniqKey="Disma N" first="Nicola" last="Disma">Nicola Disma</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatric Anesthesia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pediatric Anesthesia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Genova</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yaster, Myron" sort="Yaster, Myron" uniqKey="Yaster M" first="Myron" last="Yaster">Myron Yaster</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="no comma">Department of Anesthesiology.</wicri:noCountry>
<wicri:noCountry code="no comma">Department of Anesthesiology.</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fiadjoe, John E" sort="Fiadjoe, John E" uniqKey="Fiadjoe J" first="John E" last="Fiadjoe">John E. Fiadjoe</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Anesthesiology & Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Clinical Anesthesiology & Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series>
<title level="j">Anesthesia and analgesia</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1526-7598</idno>
<imprint>
<date when="2020" type="published">2020</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc>
<textClass>
<keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en">
<term>Adolescent (MeSH)</term>
<term>Airway Management (methods)</term>
<term>Anesthesia (methods)</term>
<term>Anesthesiology (methods)</term>
<term>Anesthesiology (standards)</term>
<term>COVID-19 (MeSH)</term>
<term>Child (MeSH)</term>
<term>Child, Preschool (MeSH)</term>
<term>Consensus (MeSH)</term>
<term>Coronavirus Infections (therapy)</term>
<term>Guidelines as Topic (MeSH)</term>
<term>Humans (MeSH)</term>
<term>Infant (MeSH)</term>
<term>Infant, Newborn (MeSH)</term>
<term>Infection Control (MeSH)</term>
<term>Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional (prevention & control)</term>
<term>Intubation, Intratracheal (methods)</term>
<term>Intubation, Intratracheal (standards)</term>
<term>Pandemics (MeSH)</term>
<term>Pediatrics (methods)</term>
<term>Pediatrics (standards)</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral (therapy)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Adolescent (MeSH)</term>
<term>Anesthésie (méthodes)</term>
<term>Anesthésiologie (méthodes)</term>
<term>Anesthésiologie (normes)</term>
<term>Consensus (MeSH)</term>
<term>Enfant (MeSH)</term>
<term>Enfant d'âge préscolaire (MeSH)</term>
<term>Humains (MeSH)</term>
<term>Infections à coronavirus (thérapie)</term>
<term>Intubation trachéale (méthodes)</term>
<term>Intubation trachéale (normes)</term>
<term>Nourrisson (MeSH)</term>
<term>Nouveau-né (MeSH)</term>
<term>Pandémies (MeSH)</term>
<term>Pneumopathie virale (thérapie)</term>
<term>Prise en charge des voies aériennes (méthodes)</term>
<term>Prévention des infections (MeSH)</term>
<term>Pédiatrie (méthodes)</term>
<term>Pédiatrie (normes)</term>
<term>Recommandations comme sujet (MeSH)</term>
<term>Transmission de maladie infectieuse du patient au professionnel de santé (prévention et contrôle)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en">
<term>Airway Management</term>
<term>Anesthesia</term>
<term>Anesthesiology</term>
<term>Intubation, Intratracheal</term>
<term>Pediatrics</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="méthodes" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Anesthésie</term>
<term>Anesthésiologie</term>
<term>Intubation trachéale</term>
<term>Prise en charge des voies aériennes</term>
<term>Pédiatrie</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="normes" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Anesthésiologie</term>
<term>Intubation trachéale</term>
<term>Pédiatrie</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="prevention & control" xml:lang="en">
<term>Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="prévention et contrôle" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Transmission de maladie infectieuse du patient au professionnel de santé</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="standards" xml:lang="en">
<term>Anesthesiology</term>
<term>Intubation, Intratracheal</term>
<term>Pediatrics</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="therapy" xml:lang="en">
<term>Coronavirus Infections</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="thérapie" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Infections à coronavirus</term>
<term>Pneumopathie virale</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en">
<term>Adolescent</term>
<term>COVID-19</term>
<term>Child</term>
<term>Child, Preschool</term>
<term>Consensus</term>
<term>Guidelines as Topic</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Infant</term>
<term>Infant, Newborn</term>
<term>Infection Control</term>
<term>Pandemics</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Adolescent</term>
<term>Consensus</term>
<term>Enfant</term>
<term>Enfant d'âge préscolaire</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Nourrisson</term>
<term>Nouveau-né</term>
<term>Pandémies</term>
<term>Prévention des infections</term>
<term>Recommandations comme sujet</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) pandemic has challenged medical systems and clinicians globally to unforeseen levels. Rapid spread of COVID-19 has forced clinicians to care for patients with a highly contagious disease without evidence-based guidelines. Using a virtual modified nominal group technique, the Pediatric Difficult Intubation Collaborative (PeDI-C), which currently includes 35 hospitals from 6 countries, generated consensus guidelines on airway management in pediatric anesthesia based on expert opinion and early data about the disease. PeDI-C identified overarching goals during care, including minimizing aerosolized respiratory secretions, minimizing the number of clinicians in contact with a patient, and recognizing that undiagnosed asymptomatic patients may shed the virus and infect health care workers. Recommendations include administering anxiolytic medications, intravenous anesthetic inductions, tracheal intubation using video laryngoscopes and cuffed tracheal tubes, use of in-line suction catheters, and modifying workflow to recover patients from anesthesia in the operating room. Importantly, PeDI-C recommends that anesthesiologists consider using appropriate personal protective equipment when performing aerosol-generating medical procedures in asymptomatic children, in addition to known or suspected children with COVID-19. Airway procedures should be done in negative pressure rooms when available. Adequate time should be allowed for operating room cleaning and air filtration between surgical cases. Research using rigorous study designs is urgently needed to inform safe practices during the COVID-19 pandemic. Until further information is available, PeDI-C advises that clinicians consider these guidelines to enhance the safety of health care workers during airway management when performing aerosol-generating medical procedures. These guidelines have been endorsed by the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia and the Canadian Pediatric Anesthesia Society.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pubmed>
<MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM">
<PMID Version="1">32287142</PMID>
<DateCompleted>
<Year>2020</Year>
<Month>06</Month>
<Day>25</Day>
</DateCompleted>
<DateRevised>
<Year>2021</Year>
<Month>01</Month>
<Day>15</Day>
</DateRevised>
<Article PubModel="Print">
<Journal>
<ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1526-7598</ISSN>
<JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet">
<Volume>131</Volume>
<Issue>1</Issue>
<PubDate>
<Year>2020</Year>
<Month>07</Month>
</PubDate>
</JournalIssue>
<Title>Anesthesia and analgesia</Title>
<ISOAbbreviation>Anesth Analg</ISOAbbreviation>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>Pediatric Airway Management in COVID-19 Patients: Consensus Guidelines From the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia's Pediatric Difficult Intubation Collaborative and the Canadian Pediatric Anesthesia Society.</ArticleTitle>
<Pagination>
<MedlinePgn>61-73</MedlinePgn>
</Pagination>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1213/ANE.0000000000004872</ELocationID>
<Abstract>
<AbstractText>The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) pandemic has challenged medical systems and clinicians globally to unforeseen levels. Rapid spread of COVID-19 has forced clinicians to care for patients with a highly contagious disease without evidence-based guidelines. Using a virtual modified nominal group technique, the Pediatric Difficult Intubation Collaborative (PeDI-C), which currently includes 35 hospitals from 6 countries, generated consensus guidelines on airway management in pediatric anesthesia based on expert opinion and early data about the disease. PeDI-C identified overarching goals during care, including minimizing aerosolized respiratory secretions, minimizing the number of clinicians in contact with a patient, and recognizing that undiagnosed asymptomatic patients may shed the virus and infect health care workers. Recommendations include administering anxiolytic medications, intravenous anesthetic inductions, tracheal intubation using video laryngoscopes and cuffed tracheal tubes, use of in-line suction catheters, and modifying workflow to recover patients from anesthesia in the operating room. Importantly, PeDI-C recommends that anesthesiologists consider using appropriate personal protective equipment when performing aerosol-generating medical procedures in asymptomatic children, in addition to known or suspected children with COVID-19. Airway procedures should be done in negative pressure rooms when available. Adequate time should be allowed for operating room cleaning and air filtration between surgical cases. Research using rigorous study designs is urgently needed to inform safe practices during the COVID-19 pandemic. Until further information is available, PeDI-C advises that clinicians consider these guidelines to enhance the safety of health care workers during airway management when performing aerosol-generating medical procedures. These guidelines have been endorsed by the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia and the Canadian Pediatric Anesthesia Society.</AbstractText>
</Abstract>
<AuthorList CompleteYN="Y">
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Matava</LastName>
<ForeName>Clyde T</ForeName>
<Initials>CT</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>From the Department of Anesthesia, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Kovatsis</LastName>
<ForeName>Pete G</ForeName>
<Initials>PG</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Children's Hospital of Boston, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Lee</LastName>
<ForeName>Jennifer K</ForeName>
<Initials>JK</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Castro</LastName>
<ForeName>Pilar</ForeName>
<Initials>P</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Children's Hospital of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Denning</LastName>
<ForeName>Simon</ForeName>
<Initials>S</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>From the Department of Anesthesia, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Yu</LastName>
<ForeName>Julie</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>From the Department of Anesthesia, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Park</LastName>
<ForeName>Raymond</ForeName>
<Initials>R</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Children's Hospital of Boston, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Lockman</LastName>
<ForeName>Justin L</ForeName>
<Initials>JL</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Von Ungern-Sternberg</LastName>
<ForeName>Britta</ForeName>
<Initials>B</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Sabato</LastName>
<ForeName>Stefano</ForeName>
<Initials>S</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Lee</LastName>
<ForeName>Lisa K</ForeName>
<Initials>LK</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Ayad</LastName>
<ForeName>Ihab</ForeName>
<Initials>I</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Mireles</LastName>
<ForeName>Sam</ForeName>
<Initials>S</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Lardner</LastName>
<ForeName>David</ForeName>
<Initials>D</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesia, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Whyte</LastName>
<ForeName>Simon</ForeName>
<Initials>S</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Szolnoki</LastName>
<ForeName>Judit</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Jagannathan</LastName>
<ForeName>Narasimhan</ForeName>
<Initials>N</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Thompson</LastName>
<ForeName>Nicole</ForeName>
<Initials>N</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Chicago, Illinois.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Stein</LastName>
<ForeName>Mary Lyn</ForeName>
<Initials>ML</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Dalesio</LastName>
<ForeName>Nicholas</ForeName>
<Initials>N</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Greenberg</LastName>
<ForeName>Robert</ForeName>
<Initials>R</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>McCloskey</LastName>
<ForeName>John</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Peyton</LastName>
<ForeName>James</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Evans</LastName>
<ForeName>Faye</ForeName>
<Initials>F</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Children's Hospital of Boston, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Haydar</LastName>
<ForeName>Bishr</ForeName>
<Initials>B</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Pediatric Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Health Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Reynolds</LastName>
<ForeName>Paul</ForeName>
<Initials>P</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Pediatric Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Health Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Chiao</LastName>
<ForeName>Franklin</ForeName>
<Initials>F</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Taicher</LastName>
<ForeName>Brad</ForeName>
<Initials>B</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Templeton</LastName>
<ForeName>Thomas</ForeName>
<Initials>T</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest, North Carolina.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Bhalla</LastName>
<ForeName>Tarun</ForeName>
<Initials>T</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Akron Children's Hospital, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Akron, Ohio.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Raman</LastName>
<ForeName>Vidya T</ForeName>
<Initials>VT</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Garcia-Marcinkiewicz</LastName>
<ForeName>Annery</ForeName>
<Initials>A</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Gálvez</LastName>
<ForeName>Jorge</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Tan</LastName>
<ForeName>Jonathan</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Rehman</LastName>
<ForeName>Mohamed</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Crockett</LastName>
<ForeName>Christy</ForeName>
<Initials>C</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Olomu</LastName>
<ForeName>Patrick</ForeName>
<Initials>P</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern and Children's Health System of Texas, Dallas, Texas.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Szmuk</LastName>
<ForeName>Peter</ForeName>
<Initials>P</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern and Children's Health System of Texas, Dallas, Texas.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Glover</LastName>
<ForeName>Chris</ForeName>
<Initials>C</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Matuszczak</LastName>
<ForeName>Maria</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Galvez</LastName>
<ForeName>Ignacio</ForeName>
<Initials>I</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Son Espases, Illes Balears, Spain.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Hunyady</LastName>
<ForeName>Agnes</ForeName>
<Initials>A</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Polaner</LastName>
<ForeName>David</ForeName>
<Initials>D</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Gooden</LastName>
<ForeName>Cheryl</ForeName>
<Initials>C</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Yale New Haven Children's Hospital, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Hsu</LastName>
<ForeName>Grace</ForeName>
<Initials>G</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Clinical Anesthesiology & Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Gumaney</LastName>
<ForeName>Harshad</ForeName>
<Initials>H</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Clinical Anesthesiology & Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Pérez-Pradilla</LastName>
<ForeName>Caroline</ForeName>
<Initials>C</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Instituto de Ortopedia Infantil Roosevelt, Bogotá, Colombia.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Kiss</LastName>
<ForeName>Edgar E</ForeName>
<Initials>EE</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Children's Health System of Texas, Dallas, Texas.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Theroux</LastName>
<ForeName>Mary C</ForeName>
<Initials>MC</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics, Sidney Kimmel School of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Lau</LastName>
<ForeName>Jennifer</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Asaf</LastName>
<ForeName>Saeedah</ForeName>
<Initials>S</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Arkansas Children's Hospital & University of Arkansas & Medical Science Center, Little Rock, Arkansas.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Ingelmo</LastName>
<ForeName>Pablo</ForeName>
<Initials>P</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Engelhardt</LastName>
<ForeName>Thomas</ForeName>
<Initials>T</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Hervías</LastName>
<ForeName>Mónica</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Pediatric Anesthesia Unit, Cardiac and Neonatal Section, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Greenwood</LastName>
<ForeName>Eric</ForeName>
<Initials>E</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>From the Department of Anesthesia, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Javia</LastName>
<ForeName>Luv</ForeName>
<Initials>L</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Pediatric Anesthesia Unit, Cardiac and Neonatal Section, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Disma</LastName>
<ForeName>Nicola</ForeName>
<Initials>N</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Pediatric Anesthesia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Yaster</LastName>
<ForeName>Myron</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Fiadjoe</LastName>
<ForeName>John E</ForeName>
<Initials>JE</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Clinical Anesthesiology & Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<CollectiveName>PeDI-Collaborative</CollectiveName>
</Author>
</AuthorList>
<Language>eng</Language>
<GrantList CompleteYN="Y">
<Grant>
<GrantID>R01 NS107417</GrantID>
<Acronym>NS</Acronym>
<Agency>NINDS NIH HHS</Agency>
<Country>United States</Country>
</Grant>
<Grant>
<GrantID>R01 NS113921</GrantID>
<Acronym>NS</Acronym>
<Agency>NINDS NIH HHS</Agency>
<Country>United States</Country>
</Grant>
</GrantList>
<PublicationTypeList>
<PublicationType UI="D016431">Guideline</PublicationType>
<PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType>
<PublicationType UI="D016454">Review</PublicationType>
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</Article>
<MedlineJournalInfo>
<Country>United States</Country>
<MedlineTA>Anesth Analg</MedlineTA>
<NlmUniqueID>1310650</NlmUniqueID>
<ISSNLinking>0003-2999</ISSNLinking>
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